Papers
Plastic Pipes Conference Association # 2018 Las-Vegas
E.J.W. van der Stok, K. Jacobson, S.O. Jansma, D. Lukes
The lack of a fast, universally-accepted test method for chlorine-dioxide-disinfected water is hindering the development of improved plastic piping materials. A literature survey was performed to define the degradation process in which chlorine dioxide affects the ageing of polypropylene, and to describe and reflect on the different test methods stipulated by standards and developed by research institutes.
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is increasingly used in drinking water applications, due to its high efficiency as a disinfectant. However, it also attacks polyolefins more aggressively than hypochlorite (ClO- ). This has led to premature failure of water pipes, especially at higher service temperatures.
To make polyolefins in general, and polypropylene specifically, more resistant to ClO2, it is imperative that the degradation mechanism is understood. Furthermore, these materials need to be tested in a rapid but functional manner to verify their resistance to the relevant failure mechanism as found in service. A literature survey was therefore carried out to define the degradation process and to describe and reflect on the different test methods stipulated by standards and developed by research institutes. It was concluded that it is imperative to ensure that the failure mode is not altered by accelerated ageing. Test methods should therefore use realistic concentrations and temperature conditions, which should be as close as possible to service conditions. This makes acceleration difficult. Flow, pH and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) must be monitored and controlled. Finally, the presence of an (applied) stress is crucial for the test to be representative of real service failures.
If pipe failure is the parameter used to characterize pipe performance, it is not realistic to expect results within a reasonable time. This means that another ranking criterion is required. A better understanding of the degradation mechanism of PP in ClO2 and the influence of stress is necessary to find the best parameters to identify an early warning signal that can predict final pipe failure.
Related papers
Author(s) : A. Taraiya, P. Degenhart, M. Soliman, M. Boerakker, R. Handstanger, R. Kleppinger
Since the introduction of polyolefins for pressure pipes, continuous improvements have been made to meet ever-higher demands on their performance and to expand their application window beyond their original scope, mostly based on new resin formulations. Today, we also continue to push the limit to provide better...
Author(s) : Dominique GUEUGNAUT, Pascal AUSSANT, Romuald BOUAFFRE, Myriam BECHROURI
Concerns regarding the environment and sustainable development have revived interest in the reprocessing and re-use of polymer materials from manufactured objects that have reached the end of their operating life. Within this framework, formal professional agreements have been put in place at global level under the...
Author(s) : Steve Sandstrum, Chris Ziu
The market for high performance polypropylene (PP) piping systems in North America continues to evolve. Generally, PP piping systems have performed exceptionally well in a variety of challenging HVAC, industrial and plumbing applications. As a result, the engineering community in North America is embracing higher...
Author(s) : Dr Ruediger Liske, Dr Tobias Eltze, Dr Tania Weyland, Marie-Laure Bertet
The migration of NIAS (Non-Intentionally Added Substances) into potable water is a recurring topic for the distribution of cold and warm drinking water and related materialsindustry. These substances are chemical compounds that are present in drinking water contact materials but have not been added during the...
Author(s) : Andrew J. White, Paul Dietz
FP-Pigments is a global manufacturer of a unique series of titanium dioxide pigment products and have been supplying the coatings, plastics, paper and inks markets for over 10 years, helping our customers reduce their raw material costs while maintaining product quality and performance. We have plants in both...
Author(s) : Márton Bredács, Andreas Frank, Amaia Bastero, Alex Stolarz, Gerald Pinter
Accelerated aging experiments by the immersion of a commercial polyethylene (PE) pipe grade in 10 ppm of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and in 100 ppm of hypochlorite (HOCl) solution at 60 °C were performed. An additional immersion test was conducted in 1 ppm of ClO2 at 40 °C. The exposure parameters were continuously...
Author(s) : Markus Gall, Reinhold W. Lang, Joerg Fischer, Ansgar Niehoff, Steven Schmidt
Despite recent efforts in promoting the utilization of recycled polymeric materials for more diverse and more advanced applications, there are still significant knowledge gaps with regards to the applicability of certain recyclate types for specific “re-use” purposes. When it comes to pipe applications, for instance,...
Author(s) : M. Boerakker, S. van Mierloo, D. v. Beek, R. Schipper, P. Voets, M. Soliman, K. Jacobson, D. Lukes, B. Rabaud, F. Zraick
HDPE pipes are used for standard pressurized water pipes, offering an excellent solution for safe transport of (drinking) water. The HDPE pipe market is growing globally. Especially in countries that suffer from water scarcity, surface water and water from rivers have to be used for drinking water supply. To guarantee...
Author(s) : Joerg Fischer, Paul J. Freudenthaler, Patrick R. Bradler, Reinhold W. Lang, Susan C. Mantell
This research addresses the effect of nucleation on the global aging behavior and the fatigue crack growth (FCG) resistance of commercial alpha- and beta-nucleated polypropylene random copolymer pipe grades (PP-R) when exposed to chlorinated water (5 mg/l free chlorine) at an elevated temperature of 60°C. Comparing...
Author(s) : Joerg Fischer, Patrick R. Bradler, Reinhold W. Lang
In the present paper, a novel test system for conducting fatigue crack growth (FCG) experiments under superimposed mechanical-environmental conditions is presented. FCG experiments were performed on a polypropylene (PP) grade and a short-glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66 (PA-GF) grade as model materials. The...
Author(s) : J.D. Kim, S. Kim , T. Schmutz, C. Malchaire, D. Scholz, K. Keck
Since a few years, pipe producers are facing the challenge to protect their plastic pipe from degradation due to chlorine dioxide. Unfortunately, most existing stabilization solutions are not effective enough to insure the desired lifetime of the material. This study shows how the latest development allow to top-up...
Author(s) : Dongyu Fang, Mark Yu, Zhang Qingfu
In the present paper we introduced how high modulus polypropylene helps an innovative design of utility tunnel up to 4000mm in diameter. High modulus polypropylene shows high modulus but still maintain reasonable flexibility so that tunnel and surrounding soil could form an integrated system, which means no force is...
Author(s) : Hirofumi Kyutoku, Kazuhisa Igawa, Hidekazu Honma, Sakiko Fukunishi, Hiroyuki Nishimura
There are mainly two grades of polyethylene pipes for hot water supply and heating. The excellent molecular structure polyethylene resins having resistance to stress crack growth are used because hot water is flowed for a long time in both polyethylene pipes. Furthermore, various additives are mixed to prevent the...
Author(s) : Francis Reny Costa, Anh Tuan Tran, Jeroen Oderkerk, Thomas Hjertberg, Christophe Salles, Ulf W. Gedde, Benjamin Rabaud, Flavia Zraick
The premature failure of polyethylene pipes in contact with high chlorine and chlorine dioxide, used as residual disinfectants in drinking water distribution, remains an area of concern for water companies particularly in regions where temperatures are regularly or seasonally high. Multiple factors can amplify the...
Author(s) : Takehiro Fujii, Kazuhisa Igawa, Hidekazu Honma, Kazushi Yamada, Hiroyuki Nishimura
The hydrostatic stress rupture test has been conventionally conducted as a good method of the lifetime evaluation. The hot water circulation test which is reflected to the actual operating condition is also useful method. The correlations and differences between the two tests were examined. Compared with the...
Author(s) : Amaia Bastero, Márton Bredács, Andreas Frank
The effect of chlorinated water environment to plastic pipes has been intensively investigated in recent years and proved to affect the lifetime of plastic pipes. Since it is known that the use of the different disinfectants (ClO2, HClO/ClO- ) imply different degradation rates, understanding the conditions...
Author(s) : Joerg Fischer, Patrick R. Bradler, Reinhold W. Lang, Gernot M. Wallner
The present paper aims to study the crack growth resistance of a black-pigmented polypropylene pipe grade when exposed to elevated temperatures and various environmental media (air, deionized water, ionized water with a specific chloride content, and chlorinated water) under the simultaneous application of cyclic...
Author(s) : Márton Bredács, Anita Redhead, Andreas Frank, Amaia Bastero, Gerald Pinter
To maintain the high quality of potable water chlorine based disinfectants are frequently dosed into the drinking water network. Considering the oxidative nature of these species their long-term impact on the aging of polyolefin pipes is a matter of interest. In this study four polyolefin pipe grades were objected to...
Author(s) : Herbert Terwyen, Roberto de Palo, Manuel Sanchez
New standards in Italy legally require that chlorine dioxide is used as a disinfectant in any new installation that treat water for human consumption. Chlorine dioxide is preferred to other disinfectants when surface water or water from rivers is used for drinking water supply and particularly Southern European...
Author(s) : Jeroen Wassenaar
The environmental impact in terms of global warming potentials (GWP) and nonrenewable energy demand (NRED) of sewerage & drainage pipes based on PP-MD, PP-HM, PP-B, and concrete has been assessed using life cycle analysis methodology. It can be concluded that PP-MD and PP-HM materials are able to significantly lower...
Members of the Association
