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# 2004 Milan
This paper provides an overview of the basic properties of plastic pipes, in the range 50mm to 400mm, and how these should be used in the design of above ground process pipe systems made of PE and PVC. It covers the basic properties of plastics, examples of the determination of load cases and describes the basic types of supports and restraints.
Author(s) : Edward Ingham, Mike Shepherd
Exova has previously demonstrated that under normal operating conditions PE 100 pipes would be expected to have a lifetime of over 200 years, but in the UK concerns have been reported about relatively high failure rates within the water utilities of fusion joints, particularly for large diameter pipes. For some time,...
Author(s) : Sonya Pemberton, David Chrystie-Lowe, Sabah Rafiq, Karolina Modelska, Edward Ingham
A room temperature tensile test using thin films taken from the outside and inside surface of polymer pipes has been developed to study the slow crack growth resistance of ageing PE pipelines via analysis of their strain hardening behaviour. A range of PE materials in service since the early 1970s and 80s are studied,...
Author(s) : Shepherd, Headford, Jordan, Reeves, Walton
In Europe polyethylene (PE) has been chosen almost exclusively for gas mains for many years because of economic, technical and safety reasons but in the water industry a number of different materials are still used for pressure water mains. Indeed at sizes above 355mm (14 inch) most new large diameter water mains are...
Author(s) : MacKellar, Lowe, Ingham, Ashdown
Polyethylene (PE) is the preferred material for 90% of all water mains laid in the UK. The pace of renovation of dilapidated cast iron water networks has led to the increasing demand for coils of flexible PE pipe, driven by the efficiency of using less joints and taking up considerably less space in the congested...
Author(s) : MacKellar
In 2002 UK Water Industry Research Ltd commissioned Bodycote PDL to collate and maintain a database of all water main failures in the UK and develop a protocol for data collection of failure information. Despite the huge disparity in the data formats from each company this has been achieved and maintenance of the...
Author(s) : Headford, Hill, Wilson
The United Kingdom is the most highly developed PE pressure pipe market in the world. Following pioneering work done in the USA and Germany, it was the UK that was first to adopt PE on a large scale for gas, and then for water distribution. The 100% PE policy of British Gas, and wide range of sizes used (at low...
Author(s) : Hill, Wilson, Headford
Butt fusion welding is the most reliable and unobtrusive method of joining PE pipes (and spigot fittings) of virtually any size-except perhaps the smallest where other methods are usually preferred. It is the dominant method of jointing both medium and large pipe sizes, but for different reasons. In medium pipe sizes...
Author(s) : Headford
Jointing Methods for Plastics Pipeline Systems AL Headford (Durapipe S & LP, UK) ee Introduction The basic requirements for pipe Jointing are common to all pipe systems made from any material (including traditional materials), whether they be for sealed pressure usage or non-pressure usage. These are a) minimal...
Author(s) : Headford
A novel polyethylene stub flange adaptor is described which allows size-for-size connection, in terms of the respective bores, to iron pipes or fittings. The end load performance of this product is significantly superior to that achieved with conventional polyethylene flanges, especially at large pipe diameters, and...
Author(s) : Boot, Headford
This paper summarises current design practices for buried thermoplastic pipelines subjected to combined gravity and internal pressure loadings. It suggests that accurate predictions of stabilised deformations are neither possible nor necessary, but that appropriate structural design methodologies should instead...
Author(s) : Marshall, Ingham, Brogden
When clients purchase plastics pressure pipes, they have frequently made that decision because they know that plastics do not corrode and they assume that if they do not exceed the pressure rating then a long lifetime should be assured. (Low cost has also been known to be a factor). It is thus of concern for the...
Author(s) : Beech, Headford, Hunt, Sandilands
The guldeUnes g h n in BS CP 312 :Pwt 2 : 1973 w e recommended to the UK toater industryfor the deslgn of polyethylene pfpeline systems to toke inin account the effects of tmnsient [surge) pressurejluctuatlons with respect to fatigue (ref.1). These guIdelInes we based on earlier experience wlth PVC-Usewer h i n g...
Author(s) : Lowe, Ingham, Starkey
