Broutman, Edwards, Shah, Palermo
Design & Testing # 1998 Gothenburg
The Alternate Methods Committee of the Plastics Pipe Institute's Hydrostatic Stress Board (HSB) has initiated development of an alternate method for determining the hydrostatic design basis (HDB) for plastic piping materials. After reviewing several test methods, the plane-strain tensile method, developed by Choi and Broutman [1,2,3], was chosen as the test method most likely to succeed in generating the same HDB as determined from testing pressurized pipe specimens. The plane-strain tensile specimen is grooved on both faces to create a biaxial stress in the groove area. The biaxial stress achieved in the test specimen closely approximates the biaxial stress ratio found in pressurized pipe specimens. The samples are loaded in uniaxial tension at different stress levels until failure (creep-rupture). The data are then analyzed per ASTM D2837 or IS0 9080, similar to hydrostatic pressure test data. In order to demonstrate the general applicability of this method to piping materials, three different materials were chosen for the test program, each having a PPI listing at both room temperature and an elevated temperature. A high density polyethylene (HDPE), a CPVC, and a polyamide (PA) 11 were selected as the materials for this study. Testing was performed at 23°C for all three materials, and at 60°C for the HDPE, 82.2"C for the C ~ V C , and 82.2"C for the PA 11, for a total of six materialitemperature conditions. The test data are presented and compared to the pipe test data generated previously on the respective pipe specimens.
Related papers
Author(s) : Chris Ampfer, Gene Palermo, Ernest & Oren Lever
This paper looks at the origin of the 10% allowable scratch depth rule for polyethylene (PE) pressure pipe developed in 1971 and research that has been performed over the years since its inception to determine the validity of this rule. The 10% rule has been used by natural gas pipeline operators since the 1970’s to...
Author(s) : DALE B. EDWARDS, ANAND R. SHAH, DONALD E. DUVALL
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been used to study the processing of PVC pipes. This work has been largely embodied in ISO 18373-1-2007, Rigid PVC Pipes –differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method – Part 1: Measurement of the processing temperature and Part 2: Measurement of the enthalpy of fusion for...
Author(s) : Dr. Gene Palermo, Dr. Dane Chang, Dr. Jimmy Zhou
The scope of this paper is to provide information for the plastic piping industry on a test methodology that could determine the design life of heat fusion fittings and joints at the end user field conditions of operating stress, operating temperature and desired design life. This methodology is useful not only for...
Author(s) : Pratik SHAH
Since late 2008, through amendment to US DOT CFR Title-49, Part-192, plastic piping system made from Polyamide 11 (PA-11) is permitted by the USA Department of Transportation for use in natural gas distribution systems. While research, development, and application testing of PA-11 pipe and resin, as presented...
Author(s) : Rob. J. Fox, Dr. Gene Palermo
CSA Z662 is the Standard for the use of plastic pipe in Canadian oil and gas pipeline systems. This paper will give an overview of the recently approved revisions to CSA Z662-11 “Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems”, which will be published next year. These revisions include the following : - RCP Requirements for PE pipe, -...
Author(s) : Dr. Gene Palermo
The scope of this paper is to clarify the various pipe material designation codes and other terms (PE 4710, PE 4710 PLUS, PE 100, PE 100 RC and PE 100+) that are used in the piping industry for high density polyethylene (HDPE) materials. These are the benchmark “high performance” HDPE materials used worldwide for a...
Author(s) : G.Palermo
Manitoba Hydro is the electrical and natural gas utility for the province of Manitoba. A project to expand the existing natural gas system was initiated in 2005 which required the installation of a 29 kilometer (18 miles) main to connect a new town to the existing system. Project financial restrictions could not be...
Author(s) : Pyo, Seo, Mutter, Broutman, Choi
A novel Notched Ring Test (NRT) method for measuring slow crack growth (SCG) in plastics pipes and fittings is developed and applied to determine its applicability as the standard test method. NRT specimen in the form of a notched full ring, directly obtained from the extruded pipe or injection molded fitting...
Author(s) : Lever, Palermo, Wright, Oliphant
The piping industry has a need for a well-founded methodology to predict lifetime of pipeline components subject to stress concentration. Another useful tool would be a method to assess the impact of manufacturing processes on the slow crack growth (SCG) properties of a resin that can be used for process control in a...
Author(s) : Belforte, Gerard, Palermo, Guerra
South America is a region with a fast increase in economic growth and energy needs, and natural gas represents a strategic energy source not only for producers like Argentina but also for net importers like Uruguay and source-differentiated countries like Brazil. The fast development of the economy leads to request of...
Author(s) : Palermo, Vibien, Oliphant, Kosari
The corrugated HDPE pipe industry is considering the responsible use of recycled materials in their pipe production and also in their pipe standards. One of the key requirements for successful use of recycled materials is ensuring performance of the resulting HDPE corrugated pipe. As slow crack growth (SCG) has been...
Author(s) : Palermo
The CRS (Categorized Required Strength) concept was developed within the ISO pressure rating system to provide more flexibility to the design engineer. One of the major uses of CRS is to provide a design basis of 100 years for plastic piping applications. With the CRS concept plastic pipe can now have a design basis...
Author(s) : Zhou, Palermo
ISO MRS and ASTM HDB rating systems have been successfully used for more than four decades in Europe and North America. MRS differentiates well the three generations of HDPE materials by classifying them as PE63, PE80 and PE100. However, HDB classifies all three generations of HDPE as only one PE 3408. When...
Author(s) : Palermo
The recent Department of Transportation Advisory Bulletin, “Notification of the Susceptibility to Premature Brittle-Like Cracking of Older Plastic Pipe” cited lower ductile inner wall Aldyl “A” and Century polyethylene (PE) pipe as two materials that were known to be susceptible to brittle-like cracking or slit...
Author(s) : Shah Rahman
The introduction of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) piping standards four decades ago on the North American continent has provided utilities and municipalities a solution to overcoming common problems inherent in traditional piping materials such as corrosion, pipe cracking, poor joint performance, and cost and difficulty of...
Author(s) : Newport, Wijeyesekara, Edwards
Research work undertaken at the University of East London has produced new forms of sustainable manufactured aggregate, which gives a backfill material which has many advantages over natural materials. The unique geotechnical properties of the aggregate make it an idea material for the laying of plastic pipes allowing...
Author(s) : Edwards, Broutman, Choi
The Alternate Methods Committee of the Plastics Pipe Institute’s Hydrostatic Stress Board (HSB) has completed development of an alternate method for determining the hydrostatic design basis (HDB) for plastic piping materials. The initial work was reported at Plastic Pipes X, in Sweden in 1998.1 An ASTM test method has...
Author(s) : Fairfield, Reid, Hounsome, Edwards, Sibbald
This paper provides estimates of the draw force needed to pull sub-ducts or cables through a series of typical ducted utility networks. Variables such as : coefficient of friction between the outside of the cable and inside of the duct, the main duct’s vertical diameter, the cable bundle or sub-duct’s external...
Author(s) : Choi, Lee, Broutman, Edwards, Palermo, Cho, Choi, Park
In recently designated plane strain grooved tensile (PSGT) methodology of ASTM F2018 standard, a groove in the direction perpendicular to the loading axis allows biaxial stress state to be generated under a uniaxial loading. The biaxial stress state produced very closely approximates the internally pressurized pipes...
Author(s) : Palermo
In addition to the HDB (Hydrostatic Design Basis) pressure rating obtained using ASTM D 2837, PPI (Plastics Pipe Institute Inc.) now also lists the MRS (Minimum Required Strength) pressure rating obtained with ISO 9080 in PPI’s publication TR-4, “Hydrostatic Design Bases (HDB), Pressure Design Bases (PDB), Strength...
Members of the Association
